Cosmology scientists inform us that they definitely understand the
universe expansion. They have proven from extensive scientific study
that our universe was born 13.7 billion years ago in a Big Bang
explosion. They can explain in minute detail the many stages of this
process that have occurred since that explosion. However, the most
astounding part of the Big Bang story is that our universe began as a
singularity, which
literally means a condition of infinite mass density. Cosmologists
insist that our whole universe was microscopic in size at the instant of
the Big Bang, and some claim it was smaller than a proton.
We are supposed to believe that the many tens of billions of galaxies of
our universe, each containing as many as 100 billion stars, were
initially squeezed into a microscopically small body, 13.7 billion years
ago. This 13.7 billion-year age of our universe may seem like a long
time, but it is only 3 times the age of our earth (4.6 billion years),
and stars have been observed in our Milky Way galaxy that are at least
13.4 billion years old. To explain observational data, cosmologists have
concluded that our present universe must consist primarily of
dark energy and non-physical dark matter, which are
unrelated to any energy or matter that we can observe on earth.
What is the basis for these science-fiction claims by cosmologists?
Their research is based on computer studies of Einstein’s General theory
of Relativity. Obviously, these conclusions must be correct. After all,
who can doubt the great wisdom of Albert Einstein?
But
Einstein strongly opposed
singularity predictions of
his theory. The cosmologists reply, “That does not matter. Since
Einstein did not have a computer, he could not realize that his
equations definitely require singularities. Our computer simulations of
General Relativity have proven that the Big Bang must have begun as a
singularity, and a massive neutron star must collapse to form a
singularity that we call a
Black Hole.”
(According to Black Hole theory, all of the mass of a Black Hole is concentrated
as a
singularity at its center.)
Astronomers claim to have proven that Black
Holes are physically real, because they are finding many highly compact,
dark bodies that are too massive to be neutron stars, and
must be Black Holes.
Therefore, even though a
singularity may seem like science-fiction, these astronomical
observations have definitely proven that singularities actually exist in
physical reality.
This is the claim made by cosmologists to support
the physical reality of singularities. The
fallacy of this reasoning is the assumption that the
equations of General Relativity are absolutely correct. However, in 1945
Einstein admitted that his theory does not hold exactly under conditions
of extreme density of field and matter, and so it cannot be used to predict
a physical singularity. (See Article 1,1, page 18 and Reference 7.)
These issues show that to appreciate the true nature of our universe,
the reader must understand cosmology, and this requires the knowledge of
Einstein’s General theory of Relativity. “But that is impossible”, you
say. “Everyone knows that only a few brilliant scientists can comprehend
General Relativity!” That common belief is nonsense! In Article 1,1,
this website provides a simple yet thorough and scientifically accurate
explanation of General Relativity, which can be readily understood by
anyone with a high-school knowledge of algebra.
The Einstein theory provides the basis for
explaining the universe expansion. Einstein maintained that gravity is
not an attractive force, as Newton claimed; gravity is a curvature of
space. Within our solar system, the curvature of space produced by
gravity is accurately approximated by Newton's theory, which
assumes that celestial bodies are pulled together by gravitational
forces. However, when we model the universe as a whole, the curvature of
space produced by gravity manifests itself as an expansion of the
universe.
Why did Einstein not recognize that the
curvature of space embodied in General Relativity explains the universe
expansion? The answer is simple. Einstein was unable to derive a
complete gravitational field equation to specify his General theory of
Relativity.
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
Einstein presented his basic (or “Special”) Relativity theory in 1905 to
explain a paradox associated with measuring the speed of light. He
concluded that the speed of light must be the same for all observers,
regardless of their velocities. For this to be true, the instruments for
measuring distance and time must appear to be different for observers
travelling at different velocities. Yet, these apparent effects are not
illusions; they are real.
From this concept, Einstein derived some
profound conclusions, which include the prediction that energy can be
converted into matter, and matter into energy, in accordance with the
famous Einstein formula (E = Mc2).
That prediction eventually led to the awesome power of the atomic
nuclear bomb.
Einstein’s Special Relativity theory was based on the principle that the
measured speed of light is exactly constant, regardless of the velocity
of the observer. Then Einstein found that this does not hold when the
velocity of the observer changes, i.e., when acceleration occurs. He
concluded that acceleration and gravity are indistinguishable, and so
the speed of light must also vary with gravity. Hence Einstein needed to
generalize his Relativity theory to include the effects of gravity and
acceleration.
The measurements made by two observers can be
regarded as measurements made relative to coordinates at the locations
of the observers. Einstein recognized that the essential result achieved
by his Special
Relativity theory was to translate measurement data in a
consistent manner from
one set of coordinates to another. To generalize his Relativity theory,
Einstein needed to achieve this same result when the two sets of
coordinates operate under different accelerations and gravitational
fields, as well as under different velocities. Einstein specified this
requirement by his
Principle of Covariance, which states that the laws of physics
should be formulated in such a manner that they are “good” in all
coordinate systems.
Einstein discovered that his
Covariance principle could
be satisfied by a mathematical theory published in 1901 by the
Italian mathematician, Gregorio Ricci, with the help of his student, Tullio Levi-Civita. This theory was called
“The Absolute Differential Calculus”. It was based on a mathematical
principle for specifying curved space that was presented by the German
mathematician Bernhard Riemann in 1852. The Riemann-Ricci mathematical
theory of curved space provides complicated rules for translating data in a consistent
manner from one coordinate system to another.
To incorporate relativity principles into the
abstract Riemann-Ricci mathematical theory, Einstein concluded that
gravity and acceleration must produce the curvature of space for this
mathematical theory. Einstein achieved this by developing his
“Gravitational Field Equation”,
which specifies the effect of gravity and acceleration on the curvature
of space. The elements of this equation are called “tensors”. These
tensors must have precise mathematical
characteristics, so that they transform into different coordinates
according to the rigid rules of the Riemann-Ricci mathematical theory.
Tensors that satisfy this requirement are called
true tensors.
Einstein was able to derive a
true tensor that specifies
the effect of matter and energy on the curvature of space. He called
this true tensor his
“energy-momentum tensor”. He also tried to develop a true tensor to
specify the energy of the gravitational field, but he could only achieve a “pseudo-tensor”, which could not be used in his
gravitational field equation.
The resultant gravitational field equation developed by Einstein has had
remarkable success in predicting the tiny relativistic effects due to
gravity that occur within our solar system. However, the Einstein
equation cannot yield meaningful predictions of the much larger
relativistic effects associated with cosmology, because the Einstein
gravitational field equation lacks a true tensor to characterize the
gravitational field.
The science-fiction concepts
derived by cosmologists from Einstein’s General theory of Relativity are
the result of using an incomplete gravitational field equation.
Referense
The Old Univese Website-2014
